tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19715517047034949822024-03-13T04:09:32.912-04:00Automotive NanoTechnologyAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14777681154238403336noreply@blogger.comBlogger8125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1971551704703494982.post-68518568557085176792014-12-11T10:36:00.000-05:002015-02-09T11:59:15.875-05:00Nanotechnology in Automobile<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><u><span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Introduction:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></h1>
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<span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">If science can be renowned as a
god’s gift for human kind then, “Nanotechnology” can be esteemed as a precious
pearl in the oceanic field of science. If Darwin’s evolution of mankind,
descent of man from animal is a phenomenon, then Nanotechnology can be
objectified as a phenomenon that crossed many hurdles to become a normality. Many
“if’s” in this world has now become few possibilities and few “why not’s”
because of the continuous developments, discoveries and inventions in Nanotechnology.
DR. K. Eric Drexler, renowned most commonly as the father of Nanotechnology,
classifies it as a “manipulation of individual atoms and molecules to build
structures to complex atomic specifications” [1]. Hence, it is usually taken at
the quantum-realm scale of 1 to 100nm or in other words, one billionth of a
meter. It has been discovered that materials at this level exhibit
significantly different properties than their larger counterparts. Through the
manipulation of matter on this scale, smaller, cheaper and more energy
efficient devices, structures and systems can be designed and developed. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">At present day,
Nanotechnology has almost penetrated into all research fields and areas in
various numerous industries and has also been mushrooming and thriving
rampantly in many OEMs associated with the automotive industry and most
primarily, in the hard core automotive sector. This could be validated by the
survey that shows that more than 75% of the companies envisage that
Nanotechnology will create a new market for them and more than 60% of the
companies expect a decisive advantage from the use of Nanotechnology and
believe that it will create a promising future for them, as it offers an unique
potential with astounding capabilities to architect a broad array of novel
materials, composites and structures on a molecular scale [2]. Such advanced
progresses in Nanotechnology in the automotive industry comes at a very crucial
time where, there is a paradigm shift in the industry towards greater
individual mobility and more greener, cleaner and compact automobiles. There is
a vital phase change in the former where, there has been an irresistible and an
insatiable demand for more vehicles on road. It has been predicted by the
United Nations that the vehicle fleet will get doubled from what seems as a 750
million now, to almost 1.5 billion utility and passenger vehicles by 2030 [2].
This ever growing need for vehicles could be attributed to the burgeoning
markets in growing economies around the world like India, China, Brazil and
Korea which, has to be sufficed with no compromises in passenger safety,
intelligent traffic guidance systems, pollutant reduction and effective
recycling systems [2]. Thus, it is a general consensus that Nanotechnology is
perceived most imperatively as the saviour of the highly competitive automotive
industry to continue to acclaim its cutting edge and to perpetuate its
international competitiveness in the 21<sup>st</sup> century.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><u><span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Functionalities:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></h1>
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<span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">The benefits that could be reaped
from Nanotechnology is simply insurmountable. Since, it is a molecular
phenomenon, it improves the material’s performance by revamping and altering its
fundamental structure, which in turn ameliorates its mechanical, geometrical,
chemical, electrical and optical properties. Mechanically, nanotechnology
breaks the grains into smaller granules that are highly deformable and
simultaneously, also enhances itself with higher impact strength, greater
hardness and increased fatigue strength and toughness (at low temperatures)
where, it often, reigns its super elasticity (correspondingly at high
temperatures). This ensures greater durability and sustainability and the
material effectively becomes very light. From a geometric perspective,
nanostructures have greater surface to volume ratio and most of the chemical
reactions take place at the contact surfaces thus, it strengthens the
material’s resistance towards oxidation, corrosion and mechanical abrasion at
relatively high temperatures. It also produces electrically “sound” materials
as the free flow of charge carriers, at a nanometre scale, becomes constricted
due to the narrow structure of the nanoparticle and eventually, becomes
distorted and scattered hence, producing higher electrical resistive and giant
magneto resistive materials, with in surge of adhesive properties. In addition,
optical resolution is refined at nanoscale, because there is almost zero
reflection from a nanostructure and by varying the size of the nanoparticle it
is possible to control the light, emitted and absorbed by the material. The
chemical effect of a nanoparticle is largely dependent on its huge structure
and surface area to volume ratio but, with tailor made and designed particles,
it is possible to suit the consumer’s needs [2].</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><u><span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Applications of Nanotechnology in Automobiles:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></h1>
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<b><span lang="EN-SG"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i>Figure 1:
Various Applications of Nanotechnology [3]</i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Though
as seen from the figure on the left, there are a multitude number of
applications of Nanotechnology in the automotive sector, “Applications in
Nanotechnology”, most commonly falls into three categories namely, 1.Comfort
2.Safety and 3. Environment. Similarly, though there are many innumerable
applications in the all three above areas, only a few important, highlighted ones
will be illustrated in this essay, with examples.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">1. Comfort:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Rider’s comfort is the foremost
priority of many auto car manufacturers in the world today. It cannot be
compromised for any trivial reasons because most of the automobile companies
banks on the consumer’s instant gratification. Comfort in this essay, is taken
in a different context – to satisfy the customer, with the product, on the very
first sight. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Through
Nanotechnology, many areas of comfort in car could be upgraded such as rear
view mirrors, windscreens and painting of the rolling chassis. It is very significant,
that the paint on the impeccable body shell shouldn’t get worn out in a few
washes or from several years of operation. Hence, by adding nanoparticles like AEROSIL
R9200, it is attainable to implement paints with scratch resistant and
self-cleaning properties. AEROSIL R9200, further effects pigment stabilisation,
rheology control and amplifies the corrosion resistant properties in the body surface.
Also, utilising unique types of silica tetrachloride (resulted from flame
hydrolysis), produced by gas synthesis processes under a flame, interconnects
the paint material’s fibres and matrixes, which in turn, induces a highly
compacted and organised convolute structure with tripled scratch resistant
properties. Similarly, polymer glasses that are coated with acrylate or
polysiloxane, is intensified with aluminium oxide nanoparticles during its hardening
stage, that brings greater abrasive resistance with solid impact strength to
its structure. In addition, applying hard materials during physical and
chemical vapour deposition procedures, together with plasma polymerization,
bridges the organic and the likewise, the </span></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 19.0459995269775px;">rear view mirrors and windscreens are coated with ultra-thin layers </span><span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 19.0459995269775px;">of aluminium oxide in vacuum vaporization facilities that help to keep evaporation defects to a near minimum and also, reduces the strain experienced and at the same time, exhibits extremely high optical quality and efficiency. The oleophobic and hydrophobic layers </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 20.4699993133545px;">of varying thickness from 5-10 nanometres (i.e. Cotec came up with fluor-organic material) resulted due to chemical vaporisation processes, produces exceptionally even surfaces, where it is easy to clear off the dirt, dust and oil. Such topographic feature on the mirrors improves the visibility of the rider by miles [2].</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-SG"><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: xx-small;">Figure
2: Schematic diagram of self-clean mechanism [4]</span></i><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 107%;"><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: xx-small;">Figure 3: Diagram showing Nano wiper in
Operation [5]</span></i><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i><span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 107%;">Figure 4: Adjustment surface properties on glass
plates [6</span><span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 107%;">] </span></i></span></b></div>
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<b style="line-height: 115%; text-align: left;"><u><span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">2. Safety:</span></u></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-SG"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Traffic jams and congested streets have
very much become a general human landscape of 21<sup>st</sup> century, dotted
by numerous and frequent accidents. This has often become a common sight for many
pedestrians across the world. In such exigency and tensed situation, Nanotechnology
has brought in fruitful solutions. Producing compact and light weight vehicles,
but not trading off with the active and the passive safety features in a car, during
the time of collision and before the time of collision is a mammoth task for
most car manufacturers. This is when, Nanotechnology has resurrected itself and
seized and swept the automotive market by its embedded particles of metallic
carbon nitride that almost quadruples the fixed strength of steel (which became
outdated after 1970 because of its weight) and results in ultra-strength,
lighter steels by dispersion hardening processes. These steels strengthen the
outer body of the car as well as the safety cage inside a car thus, timely,
securing the passengers during accidents. At the same time, adhesives developed
by Nanotechnology also revives the metal gluing and detaching of components and
also improves the relative manufacturing methods for producing ultra-strength
steels [2]. This in turn, also makes the body of the car more durable for any
sudden impacts and roll overs thus, safe guarding its passengers ad reducing
the causalities of accidental cases.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><u><span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">3.
Environment:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Green-house gases has
agglomerated and tainted our earth over the years. Though its dire effects were
not visible about a decade ago, it has become very prominent now and in fact,
the destruction and the mere damages that it has dimed periodically are
unaccountable. It is a general belief by most of the leaders, researchers and
scientists of various countries, around the world that, grave danger ascribed
by the continuous melting of the polar ice caps and the rising sea levels is
imminent. It had daunted us once with the raging tsunamis and it will do so
again in the near future too. Therefore, emission norms for vehicles and many
industries have become stringent over the years in a feeble attempt to reduce
the greater damage already done to the environment. This has effected in many
auto car manufacturers continuously looking for alternative measures to reduce
the emission of combusted gases after final drive. With Nanotechnology, it
might be resolved by coating the catalysts, in the catalytic converter with
minute nanoparticles that elevates the honeycomb structure and exalts its
surface area to further reduce the combusted gases to lesser harmful pollutants
[2].</span></span></div>
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<b><u><span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">TRENDS IN
NANOTECHNOLOGY:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 107%;"><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: xx-small;">Figure 5: Pie-Chart Shows the share of patent
around the world. [7]</span></i></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-SG"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">From the pie chart (Figure 5), among all the countries
surveyed, USA (49%) and Japan (25%) possess considerably more patent and it can
be predicted that, they will be assuaged as role models who will lead in the </span><span style="line-height: 21.3999996185303px;">commercialization</span><span style="line-height: 107%;"> of nanotechnologies and eventually revolutionize the
automotive industries, with timely innovation that will make the economy of
tomorrow. It is distinct nanotechnology has numerous applications that could
give an impetus advantage for most car manufacturers. [8]</span></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-SG"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i>Figure 6: Overview functionalities of recent
trends in Automobiles [9]</i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">From
figure 6, it is observed that the future automobiles are going to be equipped
with the following features;</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 115%;">Lightweight: High
strength nanocomposite plastics are expected to replace metal and thus reduce
weight and radar signature.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 115%;">Smart components: In
future, components are going to be fabricated, with a built-in condition and
load monitoring sensors, which, in long term will possess self-repairing or
self-healing properties. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 115%;">Adaptive structures:
Active structures that adapt to changing conditions such as adaptive
camouflage, suspension, flexible/rigid etc.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 115%;">Stealth: Radar absorption
coatings, camouflage.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 115%;">Armour: Nanoparticle,
nanofiber reinforced antiballistic structures, reactive nanoparticle armour, and
shock absorbing nanotubes.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 115%;">Position sensing and signalling: GPS for navigation and with EAS for
tracking and tracing vehicles.</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 115%;">Identification: RFID - Tags for remote identification</span><span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 115%;">.</span><span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 115%;">Security: Radar, bolometer (infrared) for surveillance, and acoustic
arrays for sniper detection</span><span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 115%;">.</span><span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-SG"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">
<span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 107%;">Wireless networks: Vehicle internal sensor network
will become wireless; connection to distributed external network</span><span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 107%;"> [8].</span></span></span></div>
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<b style="line-height: 115%;"><u><span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Conclusion:</span></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 115%;">In
the 21<sup>st</sup> century, the evolution of science and its breakthroughs can
be engendered to the near existence of mankind as it has always backed humans
in times of detrimental situations and crisis and had made them to live through
centuries. Most significantly, for years to come, Nanotechnology, a very
promising field of science will mark its stature in the industry and might even
evolve as one of the reasons for a thriving mankind in the ecstatic future. As
far as the automotive sector is concerned, many researches are undergoing in
the areas, such as fuel cells, solar cells and also, in the nano-composites.
Besides these numerous researches, </span><span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 115%;">Nanotechnology is also
currently playing a pivotal role in the automotive industry by enabling various
enhancements ranging from the development and integration of sensors to the
improvement of a vehicle’s aesthetics. This is the reason why, m</span><span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 115%;">any
auto car manufacturers across the world has pumped in millions of dollars into
this field of expertise, to remain competitive in the market. Germany is one
such country, which has automotive industry as its third highest revenue
earning industry, has been investing millions of dollars into the industry to
execute a phenomenal change. Likewise, the European Union has invested about
1.2 billion dollars and U.S. and Japan has invested about 3.7 billion and 750
million dollars respectively [3]. </span><span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 115%;">Unfortunately, the scale of
usage of nanotechnology has been limited by the high price and the industrial
availability of nano-materials. Despite these challenges, it is safe to
envision that as technology advances and nano-materials become more
commercially available, nanotechnology will be a major contributor to ensuring
future generations of automobiles are safer, greener, more comfortable, and
more energy efficient.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</div>
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<span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">In
conclusion, definitely the prospects and the never ending opportunities in the
field of Nanotechnology are shining and very encouraging. With glittering
hopes, propitious years to come, our sincere visionaries are pinned on the
industry to bring a promising future for the world and its inhabitants.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<b><u><span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt;">References:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<h2 style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-SG">1.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-SG"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Waller, E., D.H.R, S.,
Myers, B., Shah, S., Ihms, D., Chengalva, S., Parker, R., Eesley, G. and
Dyksta, C. (2010). </span><i style="font-size: x-small;">Nanotechnology
Applications in Future Automobiles</i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">.</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">SAE – 2010-01-1149, Published-04/12/201</span></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">0.</span></span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: xx-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h2>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-SG">2.<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-SG">Werner, M. (2008).</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-SG"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-SG">Nanotechnologies in automobiles</span></i><span lang="EN-SG">. Wiesbaden: essisches Ministerium für
Wirtschaft, Verkehr und Landesentwicklung. </span><span lang="EN-SG"> “<i>Nanotechnologies
by automobiles</i>” by Hessen Ministry of Economy,Transport, Urban and Regional
Development,<span style="color: red;"> </span>www.hessen-nanotech.de.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 2pt 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span class="selectable"><span lang="EN-SG">3.<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span class="selectable"><span lang="EN-SG">Simonis, F. and Schilthuizen, S. (2006). <i>Nanotechnology innovation opportunities for tomorrow’s defence</i>. 1st
ed. [ebook] TNO Science & Industry, p.22. Available at: <i>http://www.futuretechnologycenter.eu/downloads/nanobook.pdf</i>
</span></span><span class="selectable"><span lang="EN-SG"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 2pt 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span class="selectable"><span lang="EN-SG">[Accessed 19 Nov. 2014].</span></span><span class="selectable"><span lang="EN-SG"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 2pt 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-SG">4.<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span class="selectable"><span lang="EN-SG">Azonano.com, (2014).</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-SG"> </span></span><span class="selectable"><i><span lang="EN-SG">Nanotechnology and
Nanoscience Information | AZoNano</span></i></span><span class="selectable"><span lang="EN-SG">. [online] Available at: http://www.azonano.com [Accessed 29 Nov.
2014].</span></span><span lang="EN-SG"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 2pt 0cm 12pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-SG">5.<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-SG">Nanowiper.com, (2014).</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-SG"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-SG">Nano wipers - invisible wipers - liquid windshield wiper</span></i><span lang="EN-SG">. [online] Available at: http://www.nanowiper.com [Accessed 29
Nov. 2014].<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-SG">6.<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-SG">Anon, (2014). [online] Available at:
http://www.hessenanotech.de/mm/NanoAutomotive_web [Accessed 29 Nov. 2014]. </span><span lang="EN-SG"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-SG">7.<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-SG">Werner, M. (2008).</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-SG"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-SG">European Patent Office (EPO), Scheu 2004</span></i><span lang="EN-SG" style="background: white;">: </span><i><span lang="EN-SG">Nanotechnologies in automobiles</span></i><span lang="EN-SG">. Wiesbaden: essisches Ministerium für
Wirtschaft, Verkehr und Landesentwicklung.</span><span lang="EN-SG"> “Nanotechnologies by automobiles” by Hessen
Ministry of Economy,Transport, Urban and Regional Development,<span style="color: red;"> </span>www.hessen-nanotech.de.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-SG">8.<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-SG">Research-in-germany.de, (2014).</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-SG"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-SG">Research in Germany - Home</span></i><span lang="EN-SG">. [online] Available at:
http://www.research-in-germany.de [Accessed 29 Nov. 2014].</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">9.<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">Anon, (2014). [online] Available at:
http://www.hessenanotech.de/mm/NanoAutomotive_web [Accessed 29 Nov. 2014].</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 2pt 0cm 12pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">10.<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">Nano.gov, (2014).</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-SG"> </span></span><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-SG">Nano</span></i><span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">. [online] Available at: http://www.nano.gov/ [Accessed 29 Nov.
2014].</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 2pt 0cm 12pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-SG">11.<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-SG">Publishyourarticles.net, (2014).</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-SG"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-SG">Do you want to publish your articles? – Publish Your Articles</span></i><span lang="EN-SG">. [online] Available at: http://www.publishyourarticles.net </span></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small;">[Accessed 29 Nov. 2014].</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 2pt 0cm 12pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 2pt 0cm 12pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small;">Author: Abhishek Kumar Jaishwal, SenthilKumar Subramanian, Esiri Afabor</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-SG" style="color: red; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: EN-SG; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14777681154238403336noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1971551704703494982.post-36664994128098935112014-11-10T21:12:00.003-05:002015-03-06T01:04:15.465-05:00The Economic Influence of NanoTechnology on The Automotive Industry<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsw3FDbK2DVC5FTjr6Fp3r1UQdpjEfHR_F1Hu3S1Iu6JCL8Hu66h1IWxT15hmo11x9WU4Df4FJQ48yh8sauyHmYuwiI-Mxazite7xyXsWkDBZxbf0Fa_-a3i73ZrCbR1P4pIad7KQUQNWi/s1600/NanoTechnology+Reasearch+Graph.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="373" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsw3FDbK2DVC5FTjr6Fp3r1UQdpjEfHR_F1Hu3S1Iu6JCL8Hu66h1IWxT15hmo11x9WU4Df4FJQ48yh8sauyHmYuwiI-Mxazite7xyXsWkDBZxbf0Fa_-a3i73ZrCbR1P4pIad7KQUQNWi/s400/NanoTechnology+Reasearch+Graph.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>NanoTechnology Patent's distribution Worldwide</i></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Source: European Patent Office (EPO), Scheu 2004 [1]</i></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><br /></i></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">For International competitiveness, new technology plays a greatest role and directly influences the economy of the country. Till date software was the promising field, which has shown a greater influence on the economy of the country like India. The new upcoming field of nanotechnology shows the same intense influence in almost every major industry around the world and economy of the country, which are leading in the nanotechnology.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Nowadays this fact is being validated by the data that, more than 75% of the companies envisage the chances that the nanotechnologies will create a new market for them. More than 60% of the company expect a decisive advantage from the use of nanotechnologies as nanotechnologies fundamentally offers a unique potential and capabilities to architect a broad array of novel materials, composites and structures on a molecular scale [1]. This is the only technology has the potential to re-define the rules, principle and methods used for developing lighter, stronger and high-performance structures and processes with unique and non-traditional properties.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Thus, nanotechnologies with their numerous application possibilities could give an impetus to innovation in automotive industries and in numerous other industries. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">The above graph shows the data of percentage of patent of nanotechnology by the individual country.The graph shows that, the USA (49%) and Japan (25%) possess considerably more patents and this can be predicted that, they will lead in the commercialization of the nanotechnologies and will reap the fruit of economy in future.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span> <b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="post-author vcard" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1em; text-align: start;">Posted by Abhishek Kumar Jaishwal<span class="fn" itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><a class="g-profile" data-gapiattached="true" data-gapiscan="true" data-onload="true" href="https://plus.google.com/104081214763247310093" rel="author" style="color: #4d469c; text-decoration: none;" title="author profile"> </a>on</span></span><span class="post-timestamp" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; margin-left: -1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: start;"> Sunday<abbr class="published" itemprop="datePublished" style="border: none;" title="2014-11-08T20:24:00-05:00">, November 14, 2014</abbr></span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="post-timestamp" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; margin-left: -1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: start;"><abbr class="published" itemprop="datePublished" style="border: none;" title="2014-11-08T20:24:00-05:00"><br /></abbr></span></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="post-timestamp" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; margin-left: -1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: start;"><abbr class="published" itemprop="datePublished" style="border: none;" title="2014-11-08T20:24:00-05:00">References:</abbr></span></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="post-timestamp" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; margin-left: -1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: start;"><abbr class="published" itemprop="datePublished" style="border: none;" title="2014-11-08T20:24:00-05:00">[1] </abbr></span></span></b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4f51; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 23.9999980926514px; text-align: start;">Werner, M. (2008).</span><em style="background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4d4f51; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23.9999980926514px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: baseline;">European Patent Office (EPO), Scheu 2004</em><span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4f51; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 23.9999980926514px; text-align: start;">: </span><em style="background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4d4f51; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23.9999980926514px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: baseline;">Nanotechnologies in automobiles</em><span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4f51; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 23.9999980926514px; text-align: start;">. Wiesbaden: essisches Ministerium für Wirtschaft, Verkehr und Landesentwicklung. “Nanotechnologies by automobiles” by Hessen Ministry of Economy,Transport, Urban and Regional Development, </span><a href="http://www.hessen-nanotech.de/" style="background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #96999c; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23.9999980926514px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">www.hessen-nanotech.de</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4f51; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 23.9999980926514px; text-align: start;">.</span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14777681154238403336noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1971551704703494982.post-52309538024547061482014-11-08T08:24:00.001-05:002014-11-11T12:59:04.114-05:00NanoTechnology in Windscreen, Windows and Wipers<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv2Y5d7aRs8kpnnVovtj_4zupK6CNRN3t8g7JQ_-Y1fY9eP3r2Oj_C1phUBMUnVmRRnCVDd4vsLWjwtNfdbuKvZTcQg8W7V6MRqJZFvbzMfS99I5v-U_UsbP0YOxmxL9xxFlYKP1V3Du5V/s1600/Nanowiper.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv2Y5d7aRs8kpnnVovtj_4zupK6CNRN3t8g7JQ_-Y1fY9eP3r2Oj_C1phUBMUnVmRRnCVDd4vsLWjwtNfdbuKvZTcQg8W7V6MRqJZFvbzMfS99I5v-U_UsbP0YOxmxL9xxFlYKP1V3Du5V/s1600/Nanowiper.jpg" height="233" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Application of Nanotechnology "NanoWipers"</b></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">(Source:www.nanowiper.com)</span></i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEebLa-W42e-bZm4vbX6zDovDuWf7QnLlZTkibHF3VjwTGGnT7efUfo0bP95KB8gshStkQUwjJAbUriSS5SbXI2_MIvnaDMrExrsufVOcUxvVav9D0tnprPgfCFuUnNvDgbayRYc5Rnj7E/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEebLa-W42e-bZm4vbX6zDovDuWf7QnLlZTkibHF3VjwTGGnT7efUfo0bP95KB8gshStkQUwjJAbUriSS5SbXI2_MIvnaDMrExrsufVOcUxvVav9D0tnprPgfCFuUnNvDgbayRYc5Rnj7E/s1600/1.jpg" height="195" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b>Adjustment of Surface properties on glass plates</b></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>(Source:</i></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>http://www.hessen-nanotech.de/mm/NanoAutomotive_web.pdf</i></span></span><i style="font-size: x-small;">)</i></div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/qoCnY35iCgc?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><br /></i></span> <span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b>How to apply Nanowipers on Windscreen, Windows and Wipers</b></i></span><br />
<i style="font-size: x-small;">(Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qoCnY35iCgc)</i></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><br /></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">The approach to dirt-resistant paints for cars, which uses nanoparticles to create a hydrophobic (water-resistant) surface has also been applied to glass for vehicle windows.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">The beading effect for water on the surface means that<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>water<span class="apple-converted-space"></span> </span>runs off much more<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>easily,<span class="apple-converted-space"></span> and does not impair visibility during heavy rain or spray. This also reduces wear on windscreen wipers, which are hardly required at all - at most road speeds the airflow past the car would be sufficient to clear the beaded water droplets from the glass. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">Nano-coatings on the inside of the glass can use a similar approach to<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>prevent<span class="apple-converted-space"></span> </span>water vapour from condensing on the glass in humid conditions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Nanotechnology is also making polycarbonate glazing a reality. Polycarbonate (PC) is much lighter than standard glass, is safer, and is a more flexible material to design with, but physical limitations such as its poor scratch resistance and low UV shielding have prevented its widespread use. Addition of a transparent, scratch-resistant coating containing silica nanoparticles alleviates many of these issues. This will allow more rapid adoption of PC windows and windscreens over the next few years - it is predicted that by 2020, around 20% of all vehicle glazing will be made from nano-enhanced PC.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">NANO WINDSHIELD WIPERS at the speed over 60 km/h you gain:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> T</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">he effect of "invisible windshield wiper"<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> P</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">ermanent transparency/clearness of the windshield during rain or fog<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> E</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">xcellent view when driving in convoy in the rain or „water-shadow"<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> I</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">ncreasing the driving safety thanks to better view from the car<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> E</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">xtending of the service life of windshield wipers<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> I</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">ncreasing subtransient strength of the windshield glass<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> S</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">elf-cleaning headlights in the rain<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> I</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">mproving impact resistance in the glass</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></span> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.222222328186px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="post-author vcard" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1em; text-align: start;">Posted by Abhishek Kumar Jaishwal<span class="fn" itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><a class="g-profile" data-gapiattached="true" data-gapiscan="true" data-onload="true" href="https://plus.google.com/104081214763247310093" rel="author" style="color: #4d469c; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="author profile"> </a>on</span></span><span class="post-timestamp" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; margin-left: -1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: start;"> Saturday<abbr class="published" itemprop="datePublished" style="border: none;" title="2014-11-08T20:24:00-05:00">, November 08, 2014</abbr></span></span></b></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14777681154238403336noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1971551704703494982.post-29750463853271406412014-11-02T20:59:00.001-05:002014-11-11T16:51:29.277-05:00NanoEngineer - Mark III(k) Planetary Gears<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV2RbxblUPpZYfnf4vz9ZIajYVPrEMDV_BAzdvpgkj2omZVz9IrbEiKrz3EYjGX9CxJ3aIurOkOioZZ6_NN9Mgtij8joOyESELdqrP5CAKHhH-w-ZBoxZR05mbHA7lqkBNmZ0EeIUiGHU/s1600/New+Picture+%25282%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #dd7700; display: inline !important; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV2RbxblUPpZYfnf4vz9ZIajYVPrEMDV_BAzdvpgkj2omZVz9IrbEiKrz3EYjGX9CxJ3aIurOkOioZZ6_NN9Mgtij8joOyESELdqrP5CAKHhH-w-ZBoxZR05mbHA7lqkBNmZ0EeIUiGHU/s200/New+Picture+%25282%2529.png" height="200" n4="true" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="154" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkooxDl1yOXjTPqggxpn2BgtQFRLrPjvsOS3Z6g9h9foUcJjxi7fYZ-dDW_0eVGK50_vDmtH5CQ8MLgQWjdVtluKOeJbawT_NlZPtCMGNjnqCTG11jOmPcJYlqVNJIbaKv17ox27fAjtY/s1600/a8_components.gif" imageanchor="1" style="color: #dd7700; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkooxDl1yOXjTPqggxpn2BgtQFRLrPjvsOS3Z6g9h9foUcJjxi7fYZ-dDW_0eVGK50_vDmtH5CQ8MLgQWjdVtluKOeJbawT_NlZPtCMGNjnqCTG11jOmPcJYlqVNJIbaKv17ox27fAjtY/s400/a8_components.gif" height="313" n4="true" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="400" /></a></h3>
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This is the MarkIII(k), a planetary gear created by K. Eric Drexler. A planetary gear couples </div>
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an input shaft via a sun gear to an output shaft through a set of planet gears (attached <span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4;">to the </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4;">output shaft by a planet carrier). The planet gears roll between the sun gear and a ring gear </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4;">on the inner surface of a casing. The animation below was produced from a NanoEngineer-1 </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4;">molecular dynamics simulation. A section of the casing atoms </span>have<span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4;"> been hidden to expose </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4;">the internal gearing assembly.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXoTRnCoMJe5yvWnQT1nEVj01UVxjMFkRF5DMF7JHkZJ5LaFYGnat4yCjWmhVYdNzdC7YIk4QRIOC1ErkcGK3SmtVTksBtY_5_SHslwrohN5gSK_P9kqlKb8fnyNN61wtXz9v55qLzhrw/s1600/a8_pov_animation2.gif" imageanchor="1" style="color: #dd7700; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXoTRnCoMJe5yvWnQT1nEVj01UVxjMFkRF5DMF7JHkZJ5LaFYGnat4yCjWmhVYdNzdC7YIk4QRIOC1ErkcGK3SmtVTksBtY_5_SHslwrohN5gSK_P9kqlKb8fnyNN61wtXz9v55qLzhrw/s1600/a8_pov_animation2.gif" n4="true" style="border: none; position: relative;" /></a></div>
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Planetary gears are attractive targets for molecular modeling because (with careful choice of<br />
planet numbers and sun- and ring-gear symmetries) the overall symmetry of the system virtually<br />
guarantees low energy barriers along the desired motion coordinate. They also pack<br />
considerable complexity into a small structure.</div>
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Planetary gears are common mechanical systems used for speed reduction (= torque<br />
multiplication). Macroscale versions are found in automobile transmissions, electric screwdrivers,<br />
and Mars landers.</div>
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The MarkIII(k) gear updates an early 1990s design by Drexler and Merkle, modified to reduce i<br />
nteractions between the sun gear and the bases of the planet gears. The original version was<br />
designed with very small moving parts in order to fit the computational constraints of the time.<br />
The planet gears are near the lower limits of diameter for functional gear components, and because<br />
of this, the "gear teeth" in this system are better thought of as smooth, low-amplitude corrugations<br />
in the gear surfaces.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIPMWQ9d5uzootlOhEBTUHK2-PYcFdJIw2qDOwyQFKW_pke9OEOxJGVzYRO0Q57P0qyGlPRZ5EvdPXNzA2VKY9Mdugc3X31K5uf4spdSniTGFrD6BwFa5FHTBPcm2LwOQWtzFC77TUw_A/s1600/carrier1.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: #dd7700; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIPMWQ9d5uzootlOhEBTUHK2-PYcFdJIw2qDOwyQFKW_pke9OEOxJGVzYRO0Q57P0qyGlPRZ5EvdPXNzA2VKY9Mdugc3X31K5uf4spdSniTGFrD6BwFa5FHTBPcm2LwOQWtzFC77TUw_A/s320/carrier1.png" height="320" n4="true" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="219" /></a></div>
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The single covalent (sigma) bonds linking each of the nine planet gears to the carrier gear are easily <span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4;">seen in this POV-Ray image.</span></div>
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<br />
This information is collected from the bellow website<br />
<a href="http://www.nanoengineer-1.com/content/" style="color: #dd7700; text-decoration: none;">http://www.nanoengineer-1.com/content/</a><br />
<br />
Posted by Abhishek Kumar Jaishwal. Sunday, 2nd November 2104</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14777681154238403336noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1971551704703494982.post-12076139028960590242014-10-21T19:11:00.000-04:002014-11-13T10:54:00.789-05:00Future of Nanotechnology in Automotive<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><b>Implementation of Nanotechnology in future hybrid cars.</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: xx-small; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><i>(Modified Fig.-Nanotechnology innovation opportunities for tomorrow’s defence)</i></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">It is impossible for a single technology to influence almost every major industry around the world. Nanotechnology falls into this category and offers fundamentally unique potential and capabilities to architect a broad array of novel materials, composites and structures on a molecular scale. This technology has the potential to re-define the rules, principle and methods used for developing lighter, stronger, and high-performance structures and processes with unique and non-traditional properties.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">In Future vehicles are expected to be lightweight, multipurpose, intelligence-guided, low in energy consumption, greater fuel efficiency, safe and protective for the passengers, comfortable and highly durable & reliable. </span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span>The following table gives a short overview of possible application fields of nanotechnological functionalities in automotive engineering. In future, we will be able to count on a number of further applications that will concern all branches of the automotive industry and its subcontractors.<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></b> <b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></b> <b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></b> <b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></b> <b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></b> <b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></b> <b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></b> <b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></b> <b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></b> <b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></b> <b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></b> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: xx-small; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><i><b>Overview of possible application fields of nanotechnological functionalities in automotive engineering</b> (Source:WWW.hessen-nanotech.de)</i></span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></b> <b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Materials -</span></b><br />
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Nanotechnology enables the following material functionalities:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Lightweight: high strength nanocomposite plastics are expected to replace metal and thus reduce weight and radar signature<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Smart components: components with built-in condition and load monitoring sensors, in the long term: self-repairing or self-healing materials<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 12.25pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Adaptive structures: active structures that adapt to changing conditions such as adaptive camouflage, suspension, flexible/rigid etc.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Stealth: radar absorption coatings, camouflage<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><u1:p></u1:p> <u1:p></u1:p> <u1:p></u1:p> <u1:p></u1:p> <u1:p></u1:p> </span><br />
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: x-small;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Armour: nanoparticle, nanofiber reinforced antiballistic structures, reactive nanoparticle armour, shock absorbing nanotubes</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjop1rTGC5UiRn-ESdZ9BZ8kmlJxWBI2jQLYIvSs6Rd5PDBNcJKIupeJIT1uyKNne_iXKepTIFV3zV1Z0Bs_docG8Iq3YXSGURDnDCqrteHkfIfWf0gAYAIPKGSerPiTnc-B0FAf7bpJpdd/s1600/100318113300-large.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjop1rTGC5UiRn-ESdZ9BZ8kmlJxWBI2jQLYIvSs6Rd5PDBNcJKIupeJIT1uyKNne_iXKepTIFV3zV1Z0Bs_docG8Iq3YXSGURDnDCqrteHkfIfWf0gAYAIPKGSerPiTnc-B0FAf7bpJpdd/s1600/100318113300-large.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b>Nano RFID</b></i></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><br />(Source>><a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/03/100318113300.htm"><span style="color: #336699;">http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/03/100318113300.htm</span></a>)</i><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Information and communication technologies -<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 12.25pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Future vehicles are expected to be equipped with the following features:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Position sensing and signalling: GPS for navigation and with EAS for tracking and tracing vehicles<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Identification: RFID - tags for remote identification<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Security: radar, bolometer (infrared) for surveillance, and acoustic arrays for sniper detection<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Wireless networks: vehicle internal sensor network will become wireless; connection to distributed external network<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><u1:p></u1:p> <u1:p></u1:p> <u1:p></u1:p> <u1:p></u1:p> </span><br />
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Directional RF communication: micro antenna arrays enable directional radio communication with reduced power and signature</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: xx-small; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><i><b>First All-Nanowire Sensor</b></i></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> (Source>></span><span style="color: #336699; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><a href="http://www.technologyreview.com/computing/21244/?a=f">http://www.technologyreview.com/computing/21244/?a=f</a>)</span></i></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Remote and unmanned guidance</span></b><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 11.5pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">–<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><u1:p></u1:p> </span><br />
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 12.25pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">With nanotechnology advanced sensor and wireless communication capabilities are becoming possible, e.g. via distributed ad-hoc sensor networks, enabling long -range guidance of all kinds of vehicles. Advanced intelligence can be built-in thanks to the expanding μ-sensor capabilities, integration of sensor functions and information processing power. Especially for military use, continuous effort is put in the development of unmanned and autonomous vehicles e.g. for surveillance. Nanotechnology is crucial here to minimize size, weight and power consumption, important for long range coverage.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Nuclear Battery</b></span></i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />(Source>> </span><span style="color: #336699; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/80beats/2009/10/12/a-penny-sized-nuclear-battery-could-keep-going-and-going/">http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/80beats/2009/10/12/a-penny-sized-nuclear-battery-could-keep-going-and-going/</a>)</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Power</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Focus is on lightweight and energy-efficient powering. Reduction of thermal, radar and acoustic signature is an additional aspect for the military. Main developments are:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: xx-small; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> <u1:p></u1:p> </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">hybrid, electrical/combustion, powering, driven by civil automotive, reduces consumption, Hydrogen fuel cell, preferably with diesel or biofuel (e.g. sugar) as hydrogen source via microreactor conversion</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><u1:p></u1:p> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">for miniaturised, unmanned vehicles: μ-fuel cell, μ-nuclear battery.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.222222328186px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="post-author vcard" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1em; text-align: start;">Posted by Abhishek Kumar Jaishwal<span class="fn" itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><a class="g-profile" data-gapiattached="true" data-gapiscan="true" data-onload="true" href="https://plus.google.com/104081214763247310093" rel="author" style="color: #4d469c; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="author profile"> </a>on</span></span><span class="post-timestamp" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; margin-left: -1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: start;"> Tuesday<abbr class="published" itemprop="datePublished" style="border: none;" title="2014-11-08T20:24:00-05:00">, 21 October, 2014</abbr></span></span></b></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14777681154238403336noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1971551704703494982.post-15091348170764964612014-10-16T10:42:00.000-04:002014-11-13T10:53:41.841-05:00Scratch-Resistant and Dirt-Resistant Paints uses Nano-particle <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<em style="font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 15.3333330154419px;">Nanoparticle coatings for vehicles can self-clean - they surface is made super-hydrophobic, causing water to form beads on the surface and run easily off, collecting and removing dirt in the process. Cleaning</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-size: xx-small; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 15.3333330154419px;"> </span></i></span><em style="font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 15.3333330154419px;">is therefore</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-size: xx-small; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 15.3333330154419px;"> </span></i></span><em style="font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 15.3333330154419px;">much</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-size: xx-small; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 15.3333330154419px;"> </span></i></span><em style="font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 15.3333330154419px;">easier,</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-size: xx-small; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 15.3333330154419px;"> </span></i></span><em style="font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 15.3333330154419px;">and required less frequently. Image re-drawn from <a href="http://www.nanocoatings.com/" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nanover</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">e</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Technologies</span></a>.</span></em><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 13.5pt;">For several years, nanotechnology research has been working towards coatings and paints which are highly scratch resistant, self-healing and dirt repellent. These technologies would allow automotive paint to last for the lifetime of the vehicle without aging, and require cleaning much less often.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: x-small;">These technologies are now becoming commercial. Some after-market products are available which use hard, water-repelling polymer nanocomposites or quartz nanoparticles - this enables the coatings to remain clean themselves and protect against scratches and chips, and reduce corrosion, without altering the appearance of the paint underneath.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: x-small;">Paints are also available which can alter their heat-reflecting properties depending on the intensity of the incident sunlight. This helps to regulate the temperature of the vehicle, making the job of the air conditioning system easier and therefore saving fuel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: x-small;">Developing technologies in this field which are not yet commercially available include coatings which are not just more scratch-resistant, but actually heal any minor damage which they do sustain. This is achieved by embedding ceramic nanoparticles in a flexible polymer, which can flow over itself to heal cracks and scratches whilst remaining robust.</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><em><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">Nanoparticle coatings for vehicles can self-clean - they surface is made super-hydrophobic, causing water to form beads on the surface and run easily off, collecting and removing dirt in the process. Cleaning</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;"> </span></i></span><em><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">is therefore</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;"> </span></i></span><em><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">much</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;"> </span></i></span><em><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">easier,</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;"> </span></i></span><em><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">and required less frequently. Image re-drawn from <a href="http://www.nanocoatings.com/" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nanover</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">e</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Technologies</span></a>.</span></em></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Source: Deutsche Welle (English)</span>, Nanovere Technologies & Azonano</span><br />
<b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="post-author vcard" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1em; text-align: start;">Posted by Abhishek Kumar Jaishwal<span class="fn" itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><a class="g-profile" data-gapiattached="true" data-gapiscan="true" data-onload="true" href="https://plus.google.com/104081214763247310093" rel="author" style="color: #4d469c; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="author profile"> </a>on</span></span><span class="post-timestamp" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; margin-left: -1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: start;"> Thrusday<abbr class="published" itemprop="datePublished" style="border: none;" title="2014-11-08T20:24:00-05:00">, October 16, 2014</abbr></span></span></b></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14777681154238403336noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1971551704703494982.post-68681480525940827272014-10-15T23:34:00.001-04:002014-11-13T10:52:27.130-05:00Nanotechnology - The BMW GINA Light Visionary Model<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">BMW GINA <span style="text-align: justify;">(Geometry and Functions In “N” Adaptions)</span> Light Visionary Model</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;">It seems that the reality is catching up with science fiction fast. On TV, the latest Knight Rider series feat uses a car that embraces nanotechnology to change colors and morph into similar car forms temporarily.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">In their press releases BMW writes: The key to affecting the development of tomorrow’s mobility lies in our readiness to challenge what is established and in the ability to present new options. In order to meet these objectives, BMW Group Design taps into the potential of the GINA principle (Geometry and Functions In “N” Adaptions) which promotes innovative thinking by allowing maximum freedom of creativity. GINA produces dramatically different solutions that affect the design and functionality of future cars. The GINA Light Visionary Model is an optical expression of selective, future-oriented concepts which provide an example of the manner and extent of this transformation. Take a look at what the folks at BMW Group Design have come up with:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">The key affecting the development of tomorrow’s mobility lies in readiness to challenge what is established and in the ability to present new options. In order to meet these objectives, BMW Group Design taps into the potential of the GINA principle (Geometry and Functions In “N” Adaptions) which promotes innovative thinking by allowing maximum freedom of creativity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u1:p></u1:p><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">GINA produces dramatically different solutions that affect the design and functionality of future cars. The GINA Light Visionary Model is an optical expression of selective, future-oriented concepts which provide an example of the manner and extent of this transformation. BMW Group Design is not just interested in answering the question of how the car of the future will look but primarily wishes to explore the creative freedom it has to offer. Both of these aspects are affected by the requirements that future cars are expected to meet. All ideas that the GINA Light Visionary Model presents are therefore derived from the needs and demands of customers concerning the aesthetic and functional characteristics of their car and their desire to express individuality and lifestyle. The GINA Light Visionary Model has an almost seamless outer skin, a flexible textile cover that stretches across a moveable substructure. Individual functions are only revealed if and when they are needed. With this model, BMW Group Design initiates a fundamental discourse about the characteristics that will affect the development of cars in the future. It is, therefore fundamentally different from concept cars, which reflect what is expected of them by implementing as many elements as possible in a future production model. In contrast, the GINA Light Visionary Model is a vision of future cars and serves as an object of research.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">The seamless car body of the GINA Light Visionary Model</span><u1:p></u1:p></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Putting its visions of tomorrow’s car into practice, BMW Group Design has developed a two-seater roadster with the unique dynamic proportions that are typical of its brand. The GINA Light Visionary Model takes the sculptural design that has already been established by a number of production cars to a new, unparalleled conclusion. The car’s front and sides, including the doors, create one single uninterrupted, seamless whole that converges to form an optical as well as a structural unit. In order to create this appearance, it was necessary to move beyond all previous conceptions of car body configuration, design and materials. Therefore, the GINA Light Visionary Model has dispensed with the usual body elements found on production vehicles such as front apron, bonnet, side panels, doors, wheel arches, roof, trunk lid and rear deck. Instead, a new structure with a minimum amount of components has taken their place. A special, highly durable and extremely expansion-resistant fabric material stretches across a metal structure. This new material offers designers a significantly higher level of freedom of design and functionality. The body consists of only four elements. The largest component extends from the front of the vehicle to the edge of the windscreen and down the sides to the rear edge of the doors. The large side panels start at the front where the rocker panels emerge and run across the rear wheel arches into the rear. The fourth component is the central rear deck element.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u2:p></u2:p>An innovation breaks new ground Car with a flexible outer skin<u1:p></u1:p></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">The innovation of a flexible outer skin breaks new ground in automotive engineering. This revolutionary solution opens up new design, production and functionality potential. It has a major impact on the interaction between driver & car and enhances it by offering a variety of entirely new options. Some elements of the substructure are moveable. The driver can move them by means of electro and electro-hydraulic controls. This will also change the shape of the outer skin, which can thus be adapted to suit the current situation, the driver’s requirements and can also enhance the car’s functional range. The most striking example of this is the headlight design. In normal position, when the headlights are not active, i.e. when there is no necessity to illuminate the road, they are hidden under the special fabric cover. As soon as the driver turns on the lights, the contours of the front end changes. Activated by the metal structure that lies beneath it, the previously closed fabric cover opens to the right and left of the BMW kidney grille and reveals the BMW double headlights. The rear and the rocker panels of the GINA Visionary Model can also adapt both the shape and function to the driving situation in hand. Both can change the shape of their outer skin to meet the driver’s requirement for particularly dynamic motoring. This concept also takes into account a potential interaction with aerodynamic requirements. The design of the rear element allows for automatic lifting of the rear spoiler when a certain speed is reached, thus creating extra downforce on the rear axle at higher speeds. Due to the fact that the entire rear end, including the spoiler, is covered by a single sheet of material that reaches as far as the rear compartment of the interior, the homogeneous shape of the car’s rear will not be affected by changes to the spoiler position. The mechanical system that moves the elements remains concealed. The turn indicators and the taillights function without changes to the shape of the outer skin. Their position, however, is only revealed upon activation. The emitted light shines through the translucent fabric cover, which is permeable to light but not transparent. The rocker panels demonstrate the formal versatility of the GINA Light Visionary Model with an equally impressive performance. The air duct can be optimized if required. A corresponding movement of the metal structure results in an adjustment of the rocker panel contour to allow for better airflow. At the same time, an additional protruding rocker panel line emerges. The aerodynamic optimization and the length of the line can be infinitely adapted to the driving situation at hand.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Special fabric cover ensures accurate reproduction of material folds.</span><u1:p></u1:p></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u2:p></u2:p><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">The fact that the body surface is designed by means of a flexible fabric cover that stretches across a metal substructure means that the materials used must meet exacting requirements. Industrially produced hybrid fabric made from a stabilizing mesh netting support and an outer layer that is both water-repellent and resistant to high and low temperatures is suitable for this application. Another essential material property is a maximum level of dimensional stability. It must remain dimensionally stable irrespective of the temperature and air humidity it is exposed to even after severe and constant expansion. The dimensional stability helps retain the cover’s surface tension for a long period of time. The movement of individual body elements creates accurately reproducible folds in the material. In its choice of material BMW Group Design was inspired by exterior and interior architecture. The expertise of seat pattern designers working for BMW Group Interior Design was successfully applied in order to cut the fabric webbing to size with maximum precision, determine the strategic position of attachment points and stretch the material. As a result, the surfaces are remarkably well balanced and due to the steady tension that is retained between any two clearly defined points, the lines are extremely accurate. The special fabric is supported by a metal wire structure. At specific points, the high-strength metal is enhanced by carbon struts with a higher flexibility. They are used predominantly for round, moving contours with a particularly narrow radius. The use of large fabric areas and the possibility of changing the surface contours by moving individual parts of the metal mesh that lies beneath it create a new relationship between form and function. If additional cooling air is required, the BMW kidney grille at the front of the vehicle can be opened. Because the overall surface of the special fabric covering remains unchanged, the contraction at the front of the vehicle, which is necessary for functional reasons, has to be compensated for by extra tension in other areas. The result is an optically attractive interaction between various body parts that introduces a new dimension to sculptural design. The widening of the kidney grille openings is activated by a movement of the metal mesh in the front area of the side panels. This creates more tension, which becomes visible by the emergence of an additional character line.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Development of new contour tenses the front of the vehicle : the kidney grille opens up.</span><u1:p></u1:p></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Innovative body structure introduces new functional dimensions. The high-precision fit of the material to the metal mesh also allows surface changes without slackening the tension. In this case, opening of the surface by moving the respective steel mesh struts creates precisely defined folds in the material. The GINA Light Visionary Model uses this option to display a function that corresponds to the opening of the hood in conventional vehicles. The material opens at the centre of the engine cover and can be folded to the far right and left along an opening line that is approximately 0.5 meters long, to allow the driver or mechanic access to the service points in the engine. The filler caps of the engine oil, cooling and wiper water tanks are now open for servicing. Opening and closing is similar to the mechanism on a doctor’s traditional medical bag, where clip-lock fasteners are held together in the middle by a rail. The effect of the accurate surface material draping is even more impressive when the doors are opened. They swing both outwards and upwards. The high number of attachment points for the fabric cover positioned at the front of the car as well as at rear door edges creates a clearly defined and perfectly reproducible bulk of material. The draping is confined to the area between the front door edge and the side panel. Once the doors are closed, the folds in material disappear completely, leaving a perfectly smooth, stretched material surface.<o:p></o:p></span><u2:p></u2:p></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">The interior: discourse between driver and vehicle.</span><u1:p></u1:p></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u2:p></u2:p><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">In the interior, variability, form and function are united in an inseparable connection. Whenever selected functions are accessed, the driver also changes the appearance of individual car elements. Again, the car’s variability is adapted to suit the driver’s needs. This creates a close interaction between driver and car in various different situations. When the car is parked, the steering wheel and the round instruments – rev counter, speedometer and fuel gauge, which are vertically arranged on the centre console, are in idle position. This provides the driver with maximum comfort upon entering the car. Likewise, the seat only assumes its optimised functional position and shape if and when the driver sits down on it. At that point, the headrest, previously firmly integrated into the seat’s backrest, rises up automatically. At the same time, the steering wheel moves towards the driver and the instrument panel moves in the same direction. The information on the best driver-specific position of both steering column and seat is stored in the transducer. The engine is started simply by pushing the start/stop button. The smooth transition of interior and exterior that is typical of BMW convertibles is reinterpreted by the GINA Light Visionary Model. The fabric that covers the rear deck runs into the interior and stretches across the driver and front passenger seats. The same material is also used for the surface design of the door trim and armrests. The shift lever in the centre console protrudes from tightly stretched textile bellows. Driver and front seat passenger look out through a steeply inclined windscreen with the inside rear view mirror integrated into its frame. The side view mirrors are connected to the window frame. A narrow vertical dividing bar located at the center of the windscreen harks back to the typical windscreen division of traditional roadsters.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Innovative thinking put into practice: the GINA Light Visionary Model.</span><u1:p></u1:p></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u2:p></u2:p><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">With the GINA Light Visionary Model, BMW Group Design focuses on a wide variety of issues that will determine the future conception of mobility. It demonstrates the results of intense research into design, functionality, material and production. All ideas that have been put into practice in the GINA Light Visionary Model are derived from the same motivation: to challenge<u1:p></u1:p> conventional and previously pursued solutions. The quest for alternative options has generated a wide variety of different requirements that potential solutions are expected to meet. The main focus is on providing general versatility and catering to customer requirements with sophisticated solutions. In accordance with the GINA principle, every functionality enhancement<u1:p></u1:p> helps to create an emotional bond between the driver and their car. The new solutions also allow for the option of fast, flexible and cost-efficient production. Every innovation demonstrated by the GINA Light Visionary Model also contributes to a clearly optimized resource management. As the quest for sustainability is one of the central issues of the GINA philosophy, new materials and manufacturing processes are expected to consume less resources and energy than previous solutions. Accordingly, the infrastructure used for manufacturing cars that are built in compliance with the GINA principle, has also changed. The manufacturing process requires fewer model-specific tools, and more highly-qualified skilled specialists. In all the areas referred to above, the GINA Light Visionary Model has provided inspiration for more intense research into ideas conceived as a result of maximum creative freedom.<o:p></o:p></span><u1:p></u1:p></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Emotional appeal of roadster models and visionary prospect of future cars.</span><u1:p></u1:p></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u2:p></u2:p><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">The solutions conceived as part of this philosophy are not considered separately, but have been pooled in an integrating vision – a vision that is expressed in the context of an outstanding, fascinating car. The basic features of a roadster with its eight-cylinder combustion engine below a stretched front that applies motive power to the rear wheels in order to move the car along the road defines this context. The synthesis of elementary visions and sheer driving pleasure expressed by the appearance of the GINA Light Visionary Model has a particularly striking emotional impact. Only the particular appearance of a fascinating car with its authentic design that creates a natural aesthetic look can bring to light the significance of the presented innovations. The GINA Light Visionary Model builds a bridge between vision and reality by presenting a number of features with a striking similarity with those found on production vehicles. The Roadster rests on 20" alloy wheels in a cross-spoke design with a matt silver finish. The car body is comprised of an exceptionally light aluminum space frame. Two double tailpipes for the rear exhaust system, a third brake light integrated into the height-adjustable rear spoiler, an air splitter at the front and a rear-end diffuser in a carbon design also meet the standards of a production vehicle. </span><span style="background: white; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Source: BMW / nano werk</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br /></span><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="post-author vcard" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1em; text-align: start;">Posted by Abhishek Kumar Jaishwal<span class="fn" itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><a class="g-profile" data-gapiattached="true" data-gapiscan="true" data-onload="true" href="https://plus.google.com/104081214763247310093" rel="author" style="color: #4d469c; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="author profile"> </a>on</span></span><span class="post-timestamp" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; margin-left: -1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: start;"> Wednesday<abbr class="published" itemprop="datePublished" style="border: none;" title="2014-11-08T20:24:00-05:00">, October 15, 2014</abbr></span></span></b></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14777681154238403336noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1971551704703494982.post-31983476293870311712014-10-05T20:31:00.001-04:002014-11-13T10:50:41.984-05:00Nanotechnology Application<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<i><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Source: </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><a href="http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1504/IJNT.2009.024647" target="new">"Commercial scale production of inorganic nanoparticles"</a></span><o:p></o:p></span></i><br />
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">In 1959,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Richard Feynman<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>became the first individual to give a lecture about the concepts involved in nanotechnology. He gave the talk at the American Physical Society at Caltech. The talk specifically examined how individuals might be able to manipulate atoms and molecules into smaller structures. The talk was well received, and it introduced the idea to the science world. In 1974, Norio Taniguchi coined the term “nanotechnology” to refer to this new and developing field.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Video shows the possible application of Nanotechnology</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">This Video will give an overview about nanotechnology application and how it will affect paint or coating technology, weight reduction and increase in fuel efficiency in automotive and aerospace domain.</span><span class="ircpt"><span style="background: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nanotechnology is the managing matter at a very small scale. Specifically, it is controlling matter at the atomic level. Nanotechnology refers to structures or matter that is one hundred nanometers large or smaller. The actual field is quite assorted, and includes both manmade objects and natural objects that are manipulated.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><u>Major Facets of Nanotechnology</u><span style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h2>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nanotechnology is currently affecting almost every part of your daily life. You are using products that have been created by nanotechnology without even realizing it. Nanotechnology products are used in metals, polymers, ceramics, and biomaterials. Nanotechnology has already changed how products are manufactured.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><u>History of Nanotechnology</u><span style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h2>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">In 1959,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Richard Feynman<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>became the first individual to give a lecture about the concepts involved in nanotechnology. He gave the talk at the American Physical Society at Caltech. The talk specifically examined how individuals might be able to manipulate atoms and molecules into smaller structures. The talk was well received, and it introduced the idea to the science world. In 1974, Norio Taniguchi coined the term “nanotechnology” to refer to this new and developing field.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><u>Evolution of Nanotechnology</u><span style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h2>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">A number of different technologies helped advance the field of nanotechnology. Two microscopes greatly helped the development of nanotechnology: the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Atomic Force Microscope<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>and the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Scanning Tunnelling Microscope. The abilities of these microscopes were key to being able to develop and manipulate very small structures.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">In the late seventies, the scanning acoustic microscope was developed by Calvin Quate. This microscope made it easier for scientists to manipulate different nanostructures using sound.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">As the field of nanotechnology grew, scientists invented a number of techniques using other technologies that improved the study of nanotechnology including:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Optical lithography<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">X-ray lithography<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Dip pen nanolithogtaphy<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Electron beam lithography<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><u>Possible Dangers of Nanotechnology</u><span style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h2>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">There is some concern that the individuals could use nanotechnology to create weapons of mass destruction that would be virtually untraceable. Further, some individuals fear that certain products created by nanotechnology might have health risks, or a negative environmental impact.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><u>Nanotechnology Today</u><span style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h2>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The two major techniques that are used in the field are:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Bottomup technique - materials are created using molecules. These molecules assemble themselves according to the chemical rules of molecular recognition.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Top down approach - nano-objects are created using larger materials. The top-down approach does not use atomic control.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">As of 2010, there were approximately eight hundred nanotech products that are available to the public. The field is growing in size, and every week there are approximately three to five new nanotech products that are developed.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Some of the products that are affected by nanotech include:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Cosmetics<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Paints<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Furniture varnishes<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nanotechnology has even been used to create nanoscale materials that are used in<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>solar cells<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>as an alternative to silicon solar cells.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><u>Specific Nanotechnology Companies</u><span style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h2>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">There are hundreds of nanotechnology companies; but, it’s useful to know a couple of the companies to begin to understand the field:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">NanoStellar is a company that creates a nano-composite catalyst that is used in catalytic converters.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">CO2 Solution is a company that produces an enzyme for removal of carbon dioxide from smoke stacks.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Ultimate EnviroCare creates a spray on film that uses titanium oxide of the nanopartices. This film kills bacteria and eliminates odor. </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">These are only a handful of the types of nanotechnology companies.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><u>Future of Nanotechnology</u><span style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h2>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">In the future, nanotechnology might be used to develop new medicines and pharmaceuticals. The field of nanotechnology makes new products and materials available that would not be available without nanotechnology.</span></div>
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<b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="post-author vcard" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1em; text-align: start;">Posted by Abhishek Kumar Jaishwal<span class="fn" itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><a class="g-profile" data-gapiattached="true" data-gapiscan="true" data-onload="true" href="https://plus.google.com/104081214763247310093" rel="author" style="color: #4d469c; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="author profile"> </a>on</span></span><span class="post-timestamp" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; margin-left: -1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: start;"> Sunday<abbr class="published" itemprop="datePublished" style="border: none;" title="2014-11-08T20:24:00-05:00">, October 05, 2014</abbr></span></span></b></div>
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